不同贮藏条件对五味子质量的影响

基于多元活性成分同时测定结合多元统计分析探讨不同贮藏条件对五味子药材质量的影响。采用超快速液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱质谱(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS)同时测定不同贮藏条件(包装材料,贮藏温度)五味子中木脂素(五味子酯乙、五味子醇乙、五味子丙素、五味子乙素、五味子甲素、五味子酯甲、五味子醇甲、五味子酚、戈米辛D、戈米辛J、当归酰基戈米辛H)及有机酸(L-苹果酸、酒石酸、原儿茶酸、奎宁酸)共15种指标成分的含量;根据15种目标成分的含量,用灰色关联度分析和TOPSIS法对不同贮藏五味子进行综合评价。结果表明,15种化合物在一定浓度范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999 1;精密度、重复性和稳定性良好;平均加样回收率在96.64%～99.96%之间,RSD均小于5%。灰色关联度分析中r_i的最大差异较小为57.5%,TOPSIS法中C_i值的最大差异较大为81.3%,两种结果均显示S4、S3、S1的综合质量较好,五味子的适宜贮藏条件为以聚乙烯密封袋为外包装存放于阴凉库。所建立的方法准确、可靠,可用于五味子药材内在质量的综合评价,本研究可为五味子适宜储藏条件的优选提供基础资料。     

我国农业系统可持续发展协调度分析

农业系统可持续协调发展作为一种发展理念已成为共识,受到我国政府高度重视。采用2004—2015年我国农业生产面板数据,运用熵值法、探索性空间数据分析等方法分析我国农业系统可持续发展协调度情况。研究结果表明:(1)2004—2015年我国各省(市、自治区)农业各子系统可持续能力之间协调度处于不稳定变动态势,且其协调度值较低。(2)从协调度分布来看,协调度处于"比较协调"和"协调"的省(市、自治区)主要分布在我国的东部和东南部地区,其余大多数省(市、自治区)农业各子系统可持续能力之间的协调度处于"不协调"。(3)从空间自相关性来看,各省(市、自治区)农业各子系统可持续能力之间协调度呈正的全局自相关性且相关程度逐渐增大,而大多数省(市、自治区)农业各子系统可持续能力之间协调度的局部自相关性不显著,且其农业各子系统可持续能力之间协调度空间极化不明显,处于较低水平均衡状态。从时空维度、空间相关性方面分析农业各子系统可持续能力之间协调度,为提高我国农业系统可持续发展水平提供政策建议。     

湖北省九华山林场不同树种配置杉阔混交林林分空间结构特征分析

以三种(杉木+少量栎类、杉木+栎类+光皮桦、杉木+栎类+光皮桦+马尾松)不同树种配置的杉阔混交林为研究对象,计算了角尺度、大小比数、混交度三个林分空间结构指标,全面分析了湖北省九华山林场不同树种配置杉阔混交防护林林分空间结构特征,结果表明:优势树种主要有杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.)、栎类(Quercus L.)及光皮桦(Betula luminifera)三种,并有少量马尾松(Pinus massoniana)散生于林内,生长优势也较弱。不同树种配置所呈现的林分空间结构也不相同。树种配置Ⅰ(杉木+少量栎类)的角尺度平均值为0.42,大小比数平均值为0.31,混交度平均值为0.18,林木空间分布格局和生长优势度均较好,但混交程度较弱,近乎杉木纯林,对应的生物多样性也会较小。树种配置Ⅱ(杉木+栎类+光皮桦)的角尺度平均值为0.5,大小比数平均值0.32,混交度平均数0.48,空间分布格局整体呈现随机分布;林木主要处于亚优势生长状态,混交度以中度-强度混交为主;而树种配置Ⅲ(杉木+栎类+光皮桦+马尾松)的角尺度平均值为0.58,大小比数平均值0.51,混交度平均数0.54,林木空间格局呈现聚集分布,生长优势水平中庸,为中度混交。全面分析林分空间结构,可以明确林分空间结构中存在的不合理情况,为合理择伐以及近自然经营提供科学依据,使该地区的杉阔混交林的多种功能得到可持续发挥。     

Expression of a bacterial 3‐dehydroshikimate dehydratase reduces lignin content and improves biomass saccharification efficiency

Lignin confers recalcitrance to plant biomass used as feedstocks in agro‐processing industries or as source of renewable sugars for the production of bioproducts. The metabolic steps for the synthesis of lignin building blocks belong to the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways. Genetic engineering efforts to reduce lignin content typically employ gene knockout or gene silencing techniques to constitutively repress one of these metabolic pathways. Recently, new strategies have emerged offering better spatiotemporal control of lignin deposition, including the expression of enzymes that interfere with the normal process for cell wall lignification. In this study, we report that expression of a 3‐dehydroshikimate dehydratase (QsuB from Corynebacterium glutamicum) reduces lignin deposition in Arabidopsis cell walls. QsuB was targeted to the plastids to convert 3‐dehydroshikimate – an intermediate of the shikimate pathway – into protocatechuate. Compared to wild‐type plants, lines expressing QsuB contain higher amounts of protocatechuate, p‐coumarate, p‐coumaraldehyde and p‐coumaryl alcohol, and lower amounts of coniferaldehyde, coniferyl alcohol, sinapaldehyde and sinapyl alcohol. 2D‐NMR spectroscopy and pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyro‐GC/MS) reveal an increase of p‐hydroxyphenyl units and a reduction of guaiacyl units in the lignin of QsuB lines. Size‐exclusion chromatography indicates a lower degree of lignin polymerization in the transgenic lines. Therefore, our data show that the expression of QsuB primarily affects the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Finally, biomass from these lines exhibits more than a twofold improvement in saccharification efficiency. We conclude that the expression of QsuB in plants, in combination with specific promoters, is a promising gain‐of‐function strategy for spatiotemporal reduction of lignin in plant biomass.     

全程无缝隙护理模式在护理质量管理中的应用

目的 探讨全程无缝隙护理模式对肿瘤科护理工作质量的影响。方法 2013年1月-12月我院肿瘤科采用无缝隙护理模式的患者120例为观察组,2012年1月-12月采用常规护理的120例肿瘤科患者为对照组,对比两组患者的心理舒适度、患者对护理工作的满意度。结果 观察组患者的安全感、满足感、尊重感所占比例均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组患者对护士的工作能力、关爱与沟通、服务热情主动、病区管理、健康教育满意度均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 全程无缝隙护理模式应用于肿瘤科护理,能够有效改善患者不良情绪,提高护理工作质量及患者满意度。     

秦岭南坡锐齿栎次生林空间结构特征分析

该研究采用坐标定位方法对秦岭南坡不同坡向锐齿栎次生林样地内胸径DBH≥5cm的乔木进行调查,记录树种名称、坐标、胸径、高度、冠幅、生长状况等因子,运用角尺度、大小比数和混交度3个指数分析不同坡向锐齿栎次生林的空间结构,探寻不同坡向锐齿栎林空间结构的形成和差异。结果显示:(1)调查样地内物种多样性丰富,锐齿栎重要值最大,长势良好,占据主要生态空间。(2)两种坡向中,角尺度取值为0.5的个体数均过半,表明随机分布是锐齿栎次生林的主要分布方式。(3)优势木、亚优势木、中庸木、劣态木和绝对劣态木所占比重均为20%左右,表明林木大小差异不明显,在空间结构单元中,林木较稳定,阳坡优势木个体数高于阴坡。(4)两种坡向中,混交度取值大于0.5林木个体分别为84%和73%,表明多数林木个体处于中度、强度和极强度混交状态。研究表明,秦岭南坡锐齿栎次生林聚集度不高、混交良好、分化程度较高,锐齿栎种群优势度明显,林分整体暂时处于相对稳定状态。     

Tuning of Pectin Methylesterification: PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR 7 MODULATES THE PROCESSIVE ACTIVITY OF CO-EXPRESSED PECTIN METHYLESTERASE 3 IN A pH-DEPENDENT MANNER*

Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the demethylesterification of homogalacturonan domains of pectin in plant cell walls and are regulated by endogenous pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). In Arabidopsis dark-grown hypocotyls, one PME (AtPME3) and one PMEI (AtPMEI7) were identified as potential interacting proteins. Using RT-quantitative PCR analysis and gene promoter::GUS fusions, we first showed that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 genes had overlapping patterns of expression in etiolated hypocotyls. The two proteins were identified in hypocotyl cell wall extracts by proteomics. To investigate the potential interaction between AtPME3 and AtPMEI7, both proteins were expressed in a heterologous system and purified by affinity chromatography. The activity of recombinant AtPME3 was characterized on homogalacturonans (HGs) with distinct degrees/patterns of methylesterification. AtPME3 showed the highest activity at pH 7.5 on HG substrates with a degree of methylesterification between 60 and 80% and a random distribution of methyl esters. On the best HG substrate, AtPME3 generates long non-methylesterified stretches and leaves short highly methylesterified zones, indicating that it acts as a processive enzyme. The recombinant AtPMEI7 and AtPME3 interaction reduces the level of demethylesterification of the HG substrate but does not inhibit the processivity of the enzyme. These data suggest that the AtPME3·AtPMEI7 complex is not covalently linked and could, depending on the pH, be alternately formed and dissociated. Docking analysis indicated that the inhibition of AtPME3 could occur via the interaction of AtPMEI7 with a PME ligand-binding cleft structure. All of these data indicate that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 could be partners involved in the fine tuning of HG methylesterification during plant development.     

N-酰化低聚壳聚糖衍生物还原能力的研究

对低聚壳聚糖进行N-酰化改性,制得取代度相同的N-马来酰低聚壳聚糖(NMCOS),N-琥珀酰低聚壳聚糖(NSCOS),N-邻苯二甲酰低聚壳聚糖(NPCOS),其中NMCOS1、NSCOS1、NPCOS1的取代度均为0.25;NMCOS2、NSCOS2、NPCOS2的取代度均为0.49。考察了6种N-酰化低聚壳聚糖衍生物的还原能力。结果表明:当取代度相同时,N-邻苯二甲酰低聚壳聚糖的还原能力最强,其次是N-马来酰低聚壳聚糖,N-琥珀酰低聚壳聚糖的还原能力最差。这可能是由取代基的性质不同所致。     

Responses of riparian trees and shrubs to flow regulation along a boreal stream in northern Sweden

1. Flow dynamics is a major determinant of riparian plant communities. Therefore, flow regulation may heavily affect riparian ecosystems. Despite the large number of dams worldwide, little specific information is available on the longitudinal impacts of dams on vegetation, for example how far downstream and at what degree of regulation a dam on a river can influence riparian woodlands. 2. We quantified the long‐term responses of riparian trees and shrubs to flow regulation by identifying their lateral distribution and habitat conditions along a boreal river in northern Sweden that has been regulated by a single dam since 1948. The regulation has reduced annual flow fluctuations, this effect being largest at the dam, downstream from which it progressively decreases following the entrance of free‐flowing tributaries. 3. We related changes in the distribution patterns, composition, abundance and richness of tree and shrub species to the degree of regulation along the river downstream from the dam. Regulation has triggered establishment of trees and shrubs closer to the channel, making it possible to measure ecological impacts of flow regulation as differences in vegetation attributes relative to the positions of tree and shrub communities established before and after regulation. 4. Trees and shrubs had migrated towards the mid‐channel along the entire study reach, but the changes were largest immediately downstream of the dam. Shrubs were most impacted by flow regulation in terms of lateral movement, but the effect on trees extended furthest downstream. 5. The species composition of trees progressively returned to its pre‐regulation state with distance downstream, but entrance of free‐flowing tributaries and variation in channel morphology and substratum caused local deviations. Species richness after regulation increased for trees but decreased for shrubs. The changes in species composition and richness of trees and shrubs showed no clear downstream patterns, suggesting that other factors than the degree of regulation were more important in governing life form.     

Climate change effects on walnut pests in California

Increasing temperatures are likely to impact ectothermic pests of fruits and nuts. This paper aims to assess changes to pest pressure in California's US$0.7 billion walnut industry due to recent historic and projected future temperature changes. For two past (1950 and 2000) and 18 future climate scenarios (2041–2060 and 2080–2099; each for three General Circulation Models and three greenhouse gas emissions scenarios), 100 years of hourly temperature were generated for 205 locations. Degree‐day models were used to project mean generation numbers for codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella Walker), two‐spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch), and European red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch). In the Central Valley, the number of codling moth generations predicted for degree days accumulated between April 1 and October 1 rose from 2–4 in 1950 to 3–5 among all future scenarios. Generation numbers increased from 10–18 to 14–24 for two‐spotted spider mite, from 9–14 to 14–20 for European red mite, and from 2–4 to up to 5 for navel orangeworm. Overall pest pressure can thus be expected to increase substantially. Our study did not include the possibility of higher winter survival rates, leading to higher initial pest counts in spring, or of extended pest development times in the summer, factors that are likely to exacerbate future pest pressure. On the other hand, initiation of diapause may prevent an extension of the season length for arthropods, and higher incidence of heat death in summer may constrain pest population sizes. More information on the impact of climate change on complex agroecological food webs and on the response of pests to high temperatures is needed for improving the reliability of projections.